Geotechnical engineering involves several interrelated subdisciplines. Soil mechanics includes soil technology, soil testing techniques, and methods of modifying soil properties. Pavement Materials engineering involves the characterization and behavior of construction materials under various environmental and load conditions.

Geotechnical engineers design footings, raft foundations, piles and pile bents, piers, earth retaining structures, shoring, and the underpinning of structures. They also design dams, solid waste landfills and wetland dewatering systems. They work closely with environmental engineers in the areas of solid waste management and groundwater protection.