RANDALL BAYER, PhD
Chair
Room 201, Life Sciences Building
(901) 678-2581

MICHAEL L. KENNEDY, PhD
Coordinator of Graduate Studies
(901) 678-2597

E-mail: grad_studies_coordinator@memphis.edu
http://biology.memphis.edu

I. The Department of Biology offers programs that lead to the Master of Science (MS thesis and non-thesis) and the Doctor of Philosophy degrees. Graduate faculty members in the department have diverse interests covering most of the major fields of biology and taxa of organisms. Details about admission and degree requirements are presented in the sections that follow.  Applicants must apply to both The University of Memphis Graduate School (http://www.memphis.edu/admissions/apply.php) and the Department of Biology (http://biology.memphis.edu).  All graduate students must comply with the general requirements of the Graduate School (see Admissions Regulations, Academic Regulations, and Minimum Degree Requirements) as well as the program requirements of the degree being pursued.

II. MS Degree Program

Program objectives are: (1) understanding biological principles, concepts, and theories, and in-depth knowledge in a chosen specialty; (2) developing expertise in experimental design, data analysis, and oral and written presentation of research results; and (3) becoming competitive for professional positions in the biological sciences.

A. Program Admission

1. Application to The University of Memphis Graduate School.  Application can be made on-line ( http://www.memphis.edu/admissions/apply.php and http://biology.memphis.edu/).
2. Official transcripts of all previous academic coursework must be sent directly to The University of Memphis Graduate Admissions from the issuing institution.  An overall minimum grade point average of 2.75 (on a 4.0 scale) at the undergraduate level is usually competitive. Applicants whose highest degree is from a foreign institution must have their credentials evaluated by any credentialing agency listed on the National Association of Credential Evaluation services website on a course-to-course evaluation basis. 
   a. Applicants must have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) three upper division courses within the following six areas:  Ecology, Genetics, Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, and Evolution.
   b. Students must have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) five courses within the following nine areas:  General Chemistry I, General Chemistry II, Organic Chemistry I, Organic Chemistry II, Biochemistry, Physics I, Physics II, Calculus, and Statistics.  Other courses in the sciences may substitute for these requirements.
3. Scores for the Graduate Record Examination submitted directly to The University of Memphis Graduate Admissions by the testing agency.  A minimum of 500 each on the verbal and quantitative portions of the GRE is generally competitive.
4. A statement of professional goals and reasons for applying to this program must be sent to The Department of Biology.
5. A written letter from a prospective advisor within the Department of Biology that states that he/she will accept the applicant and how the student will be funded while in the program must be submitted to the Department of Biology.  Applicants for the Master's degree are expected to have made prior contact with potential research advisors in the department's graduate program.  This is a critical first step; no applicants will be accepted to the Department without an advisor.  Faculty research interests are listed on the departmental website; applicants are encouraged to interact directly with those faculty members who have research interests matching theirs.
6. Two letters of recommendation from persons capable of assessing the applicant's suitability for graduate work in biology must be submitted to the Department of Biology.
7. International students for whom English is not their native language must submit proof that they have taken the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL); acceptable minimums are 550 for paper-based and 120 for computer-based exams. Applicants for Graduate Teaching Assistantships in the Department of Biology must pass the Test of Spoken English (TSE) with a score of 50 or higher.  Alternatively, the applicant must obtain a score of 26 or higher on the spoken English component of the TOEFL iBT.  Exams for English proficiency are available from the Educational Testing Service at  http://www.ets.org.

B. Program Requirements (Thesis)

1. A minimum of 30 semester hours is required beyond the baccalaureate degree, of which 21 must be at the 7000 level.
2. A grade point average of 3.0 must be maintained. A student whose grade point average drops below 3.0 will have one semester to raise his or her GPA to 3.0 or better. Continuation of a student who fails to reach a 3.0 overall GPA during two semesters while in the graduate program is at the discretion of the Graduate Studies Committee (in consultation with the student's advisory committee).
3. BIOL 7000, 7004, 7200, 7600, and 7996. Attendance at departmental seminars is mandatory. BIOL 7000 must be completed during the first year of residence and BIOL 7600 in the last semester.
4. All students are required to take and pass a written and oral Comprehensive Examination administered by the student's advisory committee usually before the end of their fifth semester in residence. The scope of this examination is broad and includes a review of general biological principles.  This exam must be taken at least one semester prior to graduation.
5. Presentation of research (7600) and a thesis (7996) as approved by the student's Advisory Committee. NOTE: Students electing to write a thesis should familiarize themselves with the Thesis/Dissertation Preparation Guide before starting to write.
6. Pass a final oral examination administered by the student's advisory committee. This exam is a defense of the thesis research and is usually taken in the student's final semester.

C. Program Requirements (Non-Thesis)

1. A minimum of 36 semester hours of graduate courses is required, of which 26 must be at the 7000 level. The total number of semester hours required for graduation will be determined by the student's advisory committee based on academic background. No more than 3 semester hours can be satisfied by BIOL 7092.
2. BIOL 7000, 7004, and 7200. BIOL 7000 must be completed during the first year of residence. Attendance at departmental seminars is mandatory. Though students will not present in BIOL 7200, their participation is expected.
3. A grade point average of 3.0 must be maintained. A student whose grade point average drops below 3.0 will have one semester to raise his or her GPA to 3.0 or better. Continuation of a student who fails to reach a 3.0 overall GPA during two semesters while in the graduate program is at the discretion of the Graduate Studies Committee (in consultation with the student's Advisory Committee).
4. All students are required to take and pass a written and oral Comprehensive Examination, administered by the student's advisory committee usually before the end of their fifth semester in residence. The scope of this examination is broad and includes a review of general biological principles.

III. PhD Degree Program

Program objectives are: (1) understanding biological principles, concepts, and theories, and in-depth knowledge in a chosen specialty; (2) developing expertise in experimental design, data analysis, and oral and written presentation of research results; and (3) becoming competitive for professional positions in the biological sciences.

A. Program Admission

1. Application to The University of Memphis Graduate School.  Application can be made on-line (http://www.memphis.edu/admissions/apply.php and http://biology.memphis.edu/).
2. Official transcripts of all previous academic coursework must be sent directly to The University of Memphis Graduate Admissions from the issuing institution. Prospective doctoral students must hold either an MS or a BS from an accredited institution.  An overall minimum grade point average of 3.00 (on a 4.0 scale) for students with a BS or MS degree is usually competitive. Applicants whose highest degree is from a foreign institution must have their credentials evaluated by any credentialing agency listed on the National Association of Credential Evaluation services website on a course-to-course evaluation basis. 
   a. Applicants must have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) four upper division courses within the following six areas:  Ecology, Genetics, Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, and Evolution.
   b. Applicants must also have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) seven courses within the following nine areas:  General Chemistry I, General Chemistry II, Organic Chemistry I, Organic Chemistry II, Biochemistry, Physics I, Physics II, Calculus, and Statistics.  Other courses in the sciences may substitute for these requirements.
3. Scores for the Graduate Record Examination submitted directly to The University of Memphis Graduate Admissions by the testing agency.  A minimum of 550 each on the verbal and quantitative portions of the GRE is generally competitive.
4. A statement of professional goals and reasons for applying to this program must be sent to the Department of Biology.
5. A written letter from a prospective advisor within the Department of Biology that states that he/she will accept the applicant and how the student will be funded while in the program must be submitted to the Department of Biology. Applicants for the doctoral degree are expected to have made prior contact with potential research advisors in the department's graduate program. This is a critical first step; no applicants will be accepted to the Department without an advisor. Faculty research interests are listed on the departmental website; applicants are encouraged to interact directly with those faculty members who have research interests matching theirs.
6. Two letters of recommendation from persons capable of assessing the applicant's suitability for graduate work in biology must be submitted to the Department of Biology.
7. International students for whom English is not their native language must submit proof that they have taken the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL); acceptable minimums are 550 for paper-based and 210 for computer-based exams. Applicants for Graduate Teaching Assistantships in the Department of Biology must pass the Test of Spoken English (TSE) with a score of 50 or more. Alternatively, the applicant must obtain a score of 26 or higher on the spoken English component of the TOEFL iBT. Exams for English proficiency are available from the Educational Testing Service at http://www.ets.org.

B. Program Requirements

1. A minimum of three academic years (72 credit hours) beyond the baccalaureate degree is required. A student entering the PhD program with a MS degree may be awarded 30 semester hours toward the 72 hours requirement. A minimum of 30 semester hours must be taken in residence.

2. BIOL 8000, 8004,  8092, 8103, 8200, 8600, and 9000. BIOL 8000 must be completed during the first year of residence. Attendance at departmental seminars is mandatory. Up to nine hours of BIOL 8092, and five hours of BIOL 8200 can be counted toward the degree requirements. Eighteen credit hours of BIOL 9000 must be completed during the program; no more than 18 hours will be counted toward the degree.

3. Foreign Language and Research - Students are required to demonstrate competence in a foreign language or research tool, or both. Completion of this requirement will be determined by each student's advisory committee.

4. Becoming a Ph.D. Candidate is a two-step process that is usually completed by the end of the third year.

 5. A dissertation will be required of all candidates for the doctoral degree. The dissertation must show a mastery of the techniques of scientific research, and it must be a distinct and new contribution to the body of scientific knowledge. The student's Advisory Committee must approve the topic, prospectus, and the final dissertation. At least 18 hours of research and dissertation credit (BIOL 9000) must be completed during the graduate program; no more than 18 hours will be counted toward the degree. NOTE: Students should familiarize themselves with the Thesis/Dissertation Preparation Guide before starting to write.

6. A minimum of one published or fully accepted paper in a national or international peer reviewed scientific journal approved by the advisory committee is required.

7. Dissertation Defense and Final Examination - The final examination will be conducted by the chair of the student's advisory committee. The committee will consist, insofar as possible, of the same persons involved in the specialized knowledge examination. The final examination will be an oral defense of the dissertation and will be announced and open to the public. The final examination will be a public oral defense of the dissertation. Upon successful completion of the examination and all degree requirements, the committee will recommend awarding the PhD.

BIOLOGY (BIOL)

BIOL 6050 - Field Tech In Ecology (4)
Applied ecology covering practical training in forest, field, aquatic, and atmospheric sampling and analysis. Extended field trips. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: Consent of instructor.

BIOL 6051 - Marine Ecology (5)
This course is taught only at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. University of Memphis residence credit is given through affiliation with the Laboratory. Relationship of marine organisms to their environment; effects of temperature, salinity, light, nutrient concentration, currents, food, and competition on abundance and distribution of marine organisms. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of biology including general zoology, general botany, and invertebrate zoology.

BIOL 6052 - Flora Of Tennessee (3)
Field course in identifying native and nonnative species, including key morphological factors necessary to identify plant species, typical habitats of the species identified, and proper procedures for collecting and mounting specimens. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6053 - Plant Ecology (4)
Relationships of plants and environmental factors at physiological, population, and community scales; ecosystem dynamics at local and landscape scales; emphasis on field techniques. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6054 - Wetland Ecology (4)
Wetlands and wetland resources; attributes of hydrology, biogeochemistry, and wetland plants with emphasis on bottomland hardwood forests. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3050 and consent of instructor.

BIOL 6055 - Ecology/Environment Iss (3)
Ecological perspective on current environmental issues such as conservation and biodiversity, global climatic change, and regulation of chemicals in the environment. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6056 - Tropical Ecology (4)
Lecture and field intensive course in ecology of the tropics. International travel required for laboratory portion of course. Two lecture hours, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050.

BIOL 6057 - Large River Ecology (3)
Investigates physical and biological processes of large river systems, concentrating on Mississippi River channel and floodplain ecology; includes key factors controlling flooding regime, physical processes of rivers, and communities associated with floodplain and in-channel habitats. Offered alternate summers at Edward J. Meeman Biology Station.

BIOL 6060 - Limnology (4)
Physical and chemical attributes of lakes, ponds, and streams; organisms of fresh water; problems of production; laboratory work emphasizes Tennessee lakes and practical training in limnological methods and identification of organisms. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $25 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6071 - Human Genetics (3)
Genetic principles as they apply to humans, including pedigree analysis, genetic counseling, cancer, and genomics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3072.

BIOL 6091 - Behavioral Endocrinology (3)
Examination of how the endocrine and neuroendocrine system of vertebrates affects the probability that a behavior occurs and how behavior modulates endocrine and neuroendocrine activity.

BIOL 6092 - Medical Entomology (3)
Life histories, pathogenic relationships, pest/vector control, indenfication of anthropods that affect human health.

BIOL 6099 - Urban Eco/Wildlife Mgmt (3)
Topics are varied and announced in Online course listings; may be repeated with different topics for a maximum of 4 hours. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6100 - Evolution (3)
Synthesis of principles and concepts of modern evolutionary theory; geological evolution, biological evolution, and evolution of societies; emphasis on recent developments and current controversies. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6150 - Developmental Biology (3)
(MMCS 6150). Introduction to study of developing biological systems at cellular and molecular level. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3072 and CHEM 3511.

BIOL 6230 - Plant Physiology (3)
Whole plant functioning and plant responses to environmental stresses and pollution. Three lecture hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121, or permission of instructor.

BIOL 6241 - Biogeog/GIS Analyses/Ecology (3)
(Same as ESCI 6241). Basic principles of interaction between geography, organism diversity and evolution; physical factors limiting species distribution, theories of island biogeography, geographical modes of speciation. Laboratories introduce principles of GIS, basic functions of ArcGIS, and other programs relevant to ecological studies. Two lecture hours, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121, or permission of instructor.

BIOL 6245 - Plant Systematics/Evolution (4)
Evolution and classification of flowering plants, Angiosperms; diversity of flowering plants on worldwide basis; relationship of major flowering plant families; systems of classification, nomenclature, field collecting techniques, preparation of specimens, family characteristics. Laboratories include practical aspects of flowering plant classification and identification. Three lecture hours and three laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121, or BIOL 3200, or permission of instructor.

BIOL 6350 - Microbial Biotechnology (3)
(MMCS 6350). Principles underlying practical applications of microorganisms, including synthesis of commercial products, vaccines and antibodies, bioremediation and biomass utilization, plant biotechnology, and food production. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3550 and CHEM 3511.

BIOL 6375 - Molec Biol/Parasite (3)
(MMCS 6375). Emphasis on molecular and immunological aspects of parasites of humans, companion animals, and livestock; biology, treatment, and prevention of parasitic diseases . PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3130 or 3550.

BIOL 6380 - Histology/Tissue/Organ (4)
(MMCS 6380). Histology, with emphasis on the relationship between structure and function in mammalian tissues and organs; human histology emphasized. Three lecture, three laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6401 - Plant Cell Molec Biol (3)
(MMCS 6400). The cellular and molecular basis of plant development, including plant hormones, signal transduction, regulation by light, plant-microbe interactions, and plant transformation. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3130 and BIOL 3072.

BIOL 6440 - Pathogenic Bacteriology (3)
(MMCS 6440). Survey of pathogenic bacteria, human and veterinary diseases they cause, and methods of diagnosis; molecular basis of pathogenesis; introduction to immunological principles and immunity. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3550 and CHEM 3511.

BIOL 6445 - Immunology (3)
(MMCS 6445). Antigens, immunoglobulin classes, cells and cytokines of immune response, complement system, hypersensitivities, blood groups, vaccines and immunity. Three lecture hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3130 or 3500 and CHEM 3511.

BIOL 6450 - Microbial Ecology (3)
(MMCS 6450). Roles of microorganisms in the environment; microbial processes, interactions with the environment and biota, population ecology, community ecology, and biodegradation. PREREQUISITE: Consent of instructor.

BIOL 6461 - Adv Gen Microbiol Lab (2)
(MMCS 6460). Application of modern laboratory techniques and instrumentation to experiments in microbial physiology, genetics, ecology, and biotechnology. Four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3505 and 3550.

BIOL 6465 - Adv Medical Micro Lab (2)
(MMCS 6465). Application of modern laboratory techniques and instrumentation to experiments in pathogenic bacteriology, immunology, virology, and parasitology. Four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3505 and 3550.

BIOL 6470 - Molecular Genetics (4)
(MMCS 6470). Structure, function, and replication of DNA, recombination, colinearity of DNA with genetic map, mutagenesis, plasmids, genetic code, protein synthesis, suppression, regulation of gene expression, genetic engineering, and immunogenetics. For students without formal training in molecular genetics. Four lecture hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3072 and BIOL 3130 or 3500.

BIOL 6480 - Cellular/Molec Pharm (3)
Provides basic understanding of mechanisms by which therapeutic agents regulate physiological function of cells comprising organ systems such as the heart and central nervous system; drug action (pharmacodynamics) addressed at the melocular, cellular, and organ level, as well as common diseases affecting a system. PREREQUISITES: CHEM 1120 and BIOL 3130.

BIOL 6501 - Virology (3)
(MMCS 6501). Introductory study of viruses of human and veterinary significance, and methods of cultivation, isolation, and characterization; study of pathogenic mechanisms. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3130, 3500 or 3550.

BIOL 6503 - Lab Tech In Biochem (2)
(MMCS 6503). (Same as CHEM 6501). Biochemical techniques, analysis and design strategies; properties of protein/enzymes, including binding, catalysis, kinetics, electron and proton transport processes of intermediate metabolism; purification, characterization and assay of enzymes using chromatography, spectroscopy and electrophoresis. Six laboratory hours per week. $50 material fee. PREREQUISITE: CHEM 3501. PREREQUISITE OR COREQUISITE: BIOL 6511 or CHEM 6511.

BIOL 6504 - Lab Tech Molecular Biol (2)
(MMCS 6504). (Same as CHEM 6502). Biochemical and molecular biology laboratory techniques; emphasis on nucleic acids and recombinant DNA; vector design and practical incorporation into host systems; product expression, isolation and identification; bioinformatics in research design strategies. Six laboratory hours per week; $50 material fee. PREREQUISITE or COREQUISITE: BIOL 6512 or CHEM 6512 or pewrmission of instructor.

BIOL 6511 - Biochemistry I (3)
(MMCS 6511). (Same as CHEM 6511). Chemistry of amino acids and proteins related to their properties in biochemical systems; enzymology, including kinetics and conformation studies; coenzymes and their functions; importance of pH; bioenergetics; chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleotides. PREREQUISITE: CHEM 3511.

BIOL 6512 - Biochemistry II (3)
(MMCS 6512). (Same as CHEM 6512). Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides, with emphasis on mammalian systems; biochemistry of RNA and DNA, including their relationship to biosynthesis of proteins, DNA, and RNA. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6511 or CHEM 6511.

BIOL 6600 - Marine Vert Zoo Icht (6)
This course is taught only at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. University of Memphis residence credit is given through affiliation with the Laboratory. Marine Chordata, including lower groups and the mammals and birds, with most emphasis on the fishes. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of zoology including comparative anatomy or consent of the instructor.

BIOL 6604 - Animal Behavior (4)
Animal behavior, primarily from ecological, physiological, developmental, and evolutionary perspective. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6630 - Gen Endocrinology (3)
Anatomy and physiology of the organs of internal secretion; role of hormones in metabolism and development. Three lecture-demonstration hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6635 - Neurobiology (3)
Basic structure and function of nervous system and its development; resting membrane potential, structure/function of ion channels; mechanisms of action potential conduction, presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicle exocytosis, postsynaptic receptors and signal transduction pathways, synaptic structure and development. Three lecture hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3130 or permission of instructor.

BIOL 6640 - Ornithology (4)
Biology of birds, with emphasis on avian anatomy, physiology, behavior, and reproductive biology. Field trips emphasize identification of local species and techniques of field study. Two lecture, four field/laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6644 - Ichthyology (4)
Fishes, with special emphasis upon the kinds that occur in Tennessee; collection, preservation, and identification; life histories, management, and economic importance of fishes. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6646 - Marine Fisheries Mgmt (4)
This course is taught only at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. University of Memphis residence credit is given through affiliation with the Laboratory. Overview of practical marine fishery management problems. PREREQUISITES: Consent of instructor.

BIOL 6651 - Field Tech/Verteb Zoo (4-6)
Techniques in extended field study of vertebrates outside the local area. Credit hours to be determined in consultation with instructor. $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6730 - Urban/Wildlife Eco/Mgmt (3)
Study of interrelations and management of organisms considered part of the wildlife realm (game and non-game) in urban environments; provides information required to understand ecological and wildlife issues in urban areas and to develop management strategies for maintaining sustainable natural resources on disturbed landscapes. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or permission of instructor.

BIOL 6740 - Mammalogy (4)
Classification, distribution, life histories, economic importance, techniques of field study, methods of collection and preservation of mammals. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6744 - Herpetology (4)
Classification, distribution, life histories, techniques of collection and preservation, natural habitats of North American reptiles and amphibians. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $35 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6745 - Tropical Herpetology (4)
Lecture and field-intensive course in herpetology of the tropics; international travel required for laboratory portion of course. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 6800 - Marine Inverte Zoo (6)
This course is taught only at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. University of Memphis residence credit is given through affiliation with the Laboratory. Important free-living, marine and estuarine invertebrates of Mississippi Sound and adjacent continental shelf of northeastern Gulf of Mexico; emphasis on structure, classification, phylogenetic relationships, larval development, and functional processes. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of zoology including introductory invertebrate zoology.

BIOL 6840 - Invertebrate Zoology (4)
Invertebrate phyla with emphasis on phylogeny, embryology, and ecology of selected groups. Extended field trip. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee.

BIOL 6844 - Parasites Marine Animls (6)
This course is taught only at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. University of Memphis residence credit is given through affiliation with the Laboratory. Parasites of marine animals with emphasis on morphology, taxonomy, life histories, and host parasite relationships. Lecture, laboratory and field work. PREREQUISITES: General parasitology or consent of the instructor.

BIOL 6900 - Entomology (4)
Morphology, physiology, behavior, and ecology of insects. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

BIOL 7000 - Orientation Grad Stdy (2)
Source of literature in field of biology, data presentation, graphic techniques, and manuscript preparation. One lecture, two laboratory hours per week. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 7004 - College Biol Teaching (1)
(MMCS 7004-8004). Under faculty supervision, graduate students participate in teaching of laboratory sections of existing undergraduate courses in the biological sciences. Student's performance evaluated by faculty member in charge and appropriate grade assigned. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 7006 - Care/Humane Use Lab Anmls (2)
(MMCS 7006-8006). Care and use of live vertebrate animals in research and teaching. Students must enroll in this course before working with live vertebrate animals; fulfills requirements of Federal Animal Welfare Act and NIH Guide. One lecture and two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 7007 - Exp Cell/Molec Biol Tchr (4)
(MMCS 7010). Developing inquiry-based laboratory activities to teach basic concepts of cell and molecular biology in middle and high school settings; includes basic concepts, fundamental laboratory skills, and methods for designing inquiry-based laboratory exercises. NOTE: May not be applied to degree requirements. Two lecture, six laboratory hours per week.

BIOL 7008 - Intro Genomics/Bioinformatics (3)
Accelerated introduction to molecular and genomic sciences, covering basic concepts of gene and protein structure/funtion, genome sequencing and annotation, single nucleotide polymorphism, genetic variation, gene expression, and functional genomics and protemomics. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor. Cross-listed with BINF 7701.

BIOL 7010 - Prin Meth Sys Biology (3)
Systematic philosophies and numerical methods developed to deal with systematic and taxonomic problems; discussions of international rules, concept of species, and the roles and aims of practicing systematists; projects designed to give practical experience in analyzing data. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week.

BIOL 7011 - Adv Topics Wetland Ecol (3)
Covers a range of current topics related to wetland science and issues at national and regional levels; includes site visits and case studies on selected wetlands. Two hours lecture and one laboratory/field component. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 4054/6054 or equivalent and permission of instructor.

BIOL 7012 - Plant Ecophysiology (3)
Covers various topics on plant responses to environmental factors, effects of global climate changes on plant health and functioning, and techniques used to quantify environmental variables and plant responses. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3230 or equivalent and permission of instructor.

BIOL 7014 - Tchng Skills Grad Asst (3)
(MMCS 7003-8003). Strategies and skills for effective college teaching; includes use of innovative approaches and computer-based instructional technology. May be repeated up to 12 credit hours. May not be applied to degree requirements.

BIOL 7015 - Aquaculture (3)
Principles and procedures related to the culture of commercially important freshwater organisms under controlled conditions.

BIOL 7016 - Mol Syst Ecology (3)
Application of systematic and genetic theory to the understanding of past and present patterns and processes in animals, emphasizing laboratory analysis techniques to address a variety of questions on behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary biology. Two 2-hour combined lab/lectures per week.

BIOL 7017 - Topics In Evolution (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion, and oral presentation on evolutionary biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 7018 - Topics In Physiology (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion, and oral presentation on physiology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 7019 - Topics Animal Behavior (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion and oral presentation on animal biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 7020 - Topics In Ecology (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion , and oral presentation on ecology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 7031 - Cell Physiology (3)
(MMCS 7031-8031). Cellular thermodynamics, membrane transport systems, ion channels, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport, cytoskeleton and mechanochemical coupling systems.

BIOL 7040 - Light Microsc/Image Pro (3)
(MMCS 7040-8040). Light microscope optics, theory and practice of confocal microscopy, current techniques in fluorescence microscopy, digital image acquisition and processing. Lectures occasionally supplemented with demonstrations.

BIOL 7051 - Vertb Cell Cultr Tech (3)
(MMCS 7051-8051). Theory, principles, and protocols in use of vertrebrate cell cultures and cell lines in biomedical research.

BIOL 7080 - Public Health Microbiol (3)
Overview of the nature of diseases threatening the public health of contemporary societies covering fundamental microbiology; microbe-human interactions; and emerging microbial diseases, common food-borne diseases, and pathogens for bioterrorism.

BIOL 7092 - Research (1-6)
Consultation, reading, and laboratory work investigating selected topics in biology. Only 6 semester hours credit may be counted toward degree requirements for MS students seeking a thesis and 3 for MS students seeking a non-thesis degree; 9 semester hours credit for PhD students. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 7093 - Problems In Zoology (3-6)
Supervised research on specific problems in marine zoology for graduates. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6800 or 6600.Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 7131 - Cell & Molecular Biol (4)
(MMCS 7131-8131). Introduction to principles of molecular biology as they apply to eukaryotic cells including transcription, translation, regulation of protein function, DNA replication, membrane biogenesis, secretion, hormone action, signal transduction, and ligand receptor interaction. Four lecture hours per week.

BIOL 7135 - Protein Trafficking (3)
Modern thoeries of co-translational and post-translational protein targeting in eukaryotic cells to include function and evolution of classical trafficking pathway elements. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3130 and BIOL 4512-6512.

BIOL 7140 - Receptors & Signaling (3)
Develops state-of-the-art understanding of issues in cell receptors and signaling, covering receptor-ligand interations including methods of identification and quantification; emphasizes specific characteristics of G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ligand-activate transcription factors including mechanisims of action and signaling pathways activated by each receptor.

BIOL 7200 - Seminar In Biology (1)
Student presentations of topics in biology. Open to Biology students only. Only 3 semester hourse may be counted toward degree requirements for MS students, 5 for PhD students. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 7250 - Comm & Landscape Ecol (4)
Distributions of organisms on worldwide and local basis with emphasis on factors influencing distribution and growth. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or consent of the instructor.

BIOL 7290 - Molecular Computing (3)
(MMCS 7290-8290). (Same as COMP 7290-8290). Basics of cell biology and genetics (DNA structure and enzymes, replication, and translation); feasible DNA-based solution of hard computational problems; issues in the design of molecular computers; foundations of nanotechnology. PREREQUISITE: COMP 6030 or permission of instructor.

BIOL 7331 - Photosynthesis (2)
(MMCS 7331-8331). Lectures and readings on modern theory of photosynthesis; includes such topics as chloroplast structure and function; chemistry and photo-chemistry of chlorophyll; influence of external factors on rate of photosynthesis, absorption, fluorescence, and luminescence; energy storage; efficiency; carbon fixation; photosynthesis in cell extracts; phosphorylation. Two lecture hours per week.

BIOL 7335 - Hormones And Behavior (3)
Examines the relationship between endocrinology and behavior in animals and humans and how this relationship underlies survival and reproduction. PREREQUISITE: Endocrinology (BIOL 4630-6630) or permission of instructor.

BIOL 7338 - Biological Clocks (3)
A consideration of the biological clocks that generate daily, lunar, seasonal and annual rhythms in various animals including people. Emphasis on neuroendocrine substrates, development and adaptive significance of reproductive cycles, feeding rhythms, sleep-wakefulness cycles, hibernation cycles, body weight and migratory cycles. PREREQUISITE: Graduate standing and Permission of instructor.

BIOL 7340 - Behavioral Ecology (3)
Examines the influence of natural selection on animals' ability to exploit resources, avoid predators, secure mates, rear offspring, and communicate with conspecifics.

BIOL 7345 - Animal Communication (3)
Examination of the relationahip between evolutionary ecology and animal communication to investigate how animal interactions with conspecifics affect their behavior. A rudimentary knowledge of animal behavior, animal psychology, or rcology is recommended.

BIOL 7350 - Evolutionary Ecology (3)
Provides the basic foundation for applying genetic and evolutionary theory to the ecology of plants and animals; emphasis on genetic and phenotypic adaptations of plants and animals to their environment.

BIOL 7360 - Plant And Environment (3)
Discusses plant responses to environmental changes and potential effects of global climate changes on plant health and function. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: plant physiology (BIOL 3230 or equivalent), plant ecology (BIOL 4053-6053 or equivalent), or permission of instructor.

BIOL 7370 - Wetland Ecol & Mgmt (3)
A wide range of topics relating to wetland science and issues at national and regional levels, including wetland classification, hydrology, and biochemistry, with special emphasis on regional bottomland forests. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: wetland ecology (BIOL 4054-6054) or equivalent or permission of instructor.

BIOL 7400 - Comparative Immunology (3)
(MMCS 7400-8400). Phylogenesis and development of the defensive immune systems of invertebrates and the vertebrate classes. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6445.

BIOL 7440 - Molecular Biol/Cancer (3)
Introduction to molecular basis of cancer, cancer therapy and prevention; includes disease-, chemical carcinogen-, and viral-based views of cancer process; surveys modern tools for identifying cancer susceptibiligy genes and classifying tumors. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 4503-6503 or BIOL 4470-6470, or permission of instructor.

BIOL 7464 - Advanced Immunology (4)
(MMCS 7464-8464). Selected topics and laboratories in molecular and cellular immunology, immunobiology, tumor immunology, and medical aspects of immunology. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 6445 and 6511 or their equivalent.

BIOL 7470 - Adv Bacterial Genetics (3)
(MMCS 7470-8470). Advanced studies in the molecular basis of bacterial genetics; including mutation and bacterial repair systems, complementation analysis, recombination, gene transfer mechanisms, gene conversion and marker effects, insertional elements, phase variation, and bacteriophage genetics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6470 or equivalent.

BIOL 7530 - Bacterial Physiology (4)
(MMCS 7530-8530). Bacterial physiology including growth, nutrition, biosynthesis, biodegradation, and adaptation.

BIOL 7550 - Food & Indust Toxicol (3)
(MMCS 7550-8550). Principles and methodology of genotoxicity; assessment of toxic substances in animal and plant foodstuffs, and in industrial wastes; fungal and bacterial contaminants, food additives, and food processing; biotransformation and health impacts are emphasized.

BIOL 7600 - Seminar In Biology (1)
Selected topics in the biological sciences. Credit is earned when the results of the student's thesis work is presented. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 7610 - Envirn Effects On Devel (2)
Environment-gene interactions and developmental plasticity; evolutionary, physiological, morphological, and ecological consequences of these interactions. Two lecture hours per week.

BIOL 7702 - Evolutionary/Ecological Geneti (2)
Current topics of special interest in biology. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 7703 - Adv Biology for Educators (3)
Current topics of special interest in biology. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 7750 - Population Ecology (3)
Examination and quantification of the processes that influence population dynamics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or equivalent.

BIOL 7751 - Conservation Biology (4)
Application of biological principles towards the conservation of natural systems and the organisms they contain. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: Permission of the instructor.

BIOL 7996 - Thesis (1-6)
Research contributing to the development of the MS thesis. Only 6 semester hours may be counted toward degree requirements. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8000 - Orientation Grad Stdy (2)
Source of literature in field of biology, data presentation, graphic techniques, and manuscript preparation. One lecture, two laboratory hours per week. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8004 - College Biol Teaching (1)
(MMCS 7004-8004). Under faculty supervision, graduate students participate in teaching of laboratory sections of existing undergraduate courses in the biological sciences. Student's performance evaluated by faculty member in charge and appropriate grade assigned. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8006 - Care/Humane Use Lab Anmls (2)
(MMCS 7006-8006). Care and use of live vertebrate animals in research and teaching. Students must enroll in this course before working with live vertebrate animals; fulfills requirements of Federal Animal Welfare Act and NIH Guide. One lecture and two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8007 - Exp Cell/Molec Biol Tch (4)
(MMCS 7010). Developing inquiry-based laboratory activities to teach basic concepts of cell and molecular biology in middle and high school settings; includes basic concepts, fundamental laboratory skills, and methods for designing inquiry-based laboratory exercises. NOTE: May not be applied to degree requirements. Two lecture, six laboratory hours per week.

BIOL 8010 - Prin Meth Sys Biology (3)
Systematic philosophies and numerical methods developed to deal with systematic and taxonomic problems; discussions of international rules, concept of species, and the roles and aims of practicing systematists; projects designed to give practical experience in analyzing data. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week.

BIOL 8011 - Adv Topics Wetland Ecol (3)
Covers a range of current topics related to wetland science and issues at national and regional levels; includes site visits and case studies on selected wetlands. Two hours lecture and one laboratory/field component. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 4054/6054 or equivalent and permission of instructor.

BIOL 8012 - Plant Ecophysiology (3)
Covers various topics on plant responses to environmental factors, effects of global climate changes on plant health and functioning, and techniques used to quantify environmental variables and plant responses. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3230 or equivalent and permission of instructor.

BIOL 8014 - Tchng Skills Grad Asst (3)
(MMCS 7003-8003). Strategies and skills for effective college teaching; includes use of innovative approaches and computer-based instructional technology. May be repeated up to 12 credit hours. May not be applied to degree requirements.

BIOL 8015 - Aquaculture (3)
Principles and procedures related to the culture of commercially important freshwater organisms under controlled conditions.

BIOL 8016 - Mol Syst Ecology (3)
Application of systematic and genetic theory to the understanding of past and present patterns and processes in animals, emphasizing laboratory analysis techniques to address a variety of questions on behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary biology. Two 2-hour combined lab/lectures per week.

BIOL 8017 - Topics In Evolution (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion, and oral presentation on evolutionary biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 8018 - Topics In Physiology (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion, and oral presentation on physiology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 8019 - Topics Animal Behavior (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion and oral presentation on animal biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 8020 - Topics In Ecology (1-3)
Lecture, readings, discussion , and oral presentation on ecology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 8031 - Cell Physiology (3)
(MMCS 7031-8031). Cellular thermodynamics, membrane transport systems, ion channels, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport, cytoskeleton and mechanochemical coupling systems.

BIOL 8040 - Light Microsc/Image Pro (3)
(MMCS 7040-8040). Light microscope optics, theory and practice of confocal microscopy, current techniques in fluorescence microscopy, digital image acquisition and processing. Lectures occasionally supplemented with demonstrations.

BIOL 8051 - Vertb Cell Cultr Tech (3)
(MMCS 7051-8051). Theory, principles, and protocols in use of vertrebrate cell cultures and cell lines in biomedical research.

BIOL 8080 - Public Health Mocrobiol (3)
Overview of the nature of diseases threatening the public health of contemporary societies covering fundamental microbiology; microbe-human interactions; and emerging microbial diseases, common food-borne diseases, and pathogens for bioterrorism.

BIOL 8092 - Research (1-6)
Consultation, reading, and laboratory work investigating selected topics in biology. Only 6 semester hours credit may be counted toward degree requirements for MS students seeking a thesis and 3 for MS students seeking a non-thesis degree; 9 semester hours credit for PhD students. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8103 - Dissertation Proposal (3)
(MMCS 8100). Preparation of a dissertation project proposal in the NIH grant format and an oral defense of the proposal. PREREQUISITE: BIOL doctoral student. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8131 - Cell & Molecular Biol (4)
(MMCS 7131-8131). Introduction to principles of molecular biology as they apply to eukaryotic cells including transcription, translation, regulation of protein function, DNA replication, membrane biogenesis, secretion, hormone action, signal transduction, and ligand receptor interaction. Four lecture hours per week.

BIOL 8135 - Protein Trafficking (3)
Modern thoeries of co-translational and post-translational protein targeting in eukaryotic cells to include function and evolution of classical trafficking pathway elements. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3130 and BIOL 4512-6512.

BIOL 8140 - Receptors & Signaling (3)
Develops state-of-the-art understanding of issues in cell receptors and signaling, covering receptor-ligand interations including methods of identification and quantification; emphasizes specific characteristics of G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ligand-activate transcription factors including mechanisims of action and signaling pathways activated by each receptor.

BIOL 8200 - Seminar In Biology (1)
Student presentations of topics in biology. Open to Biology students only. Only 3 semester hourse may be counted toward degree requirements for MS students, 5 for PhD students. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8250 - Comm & Landscape Ecol (4)
Distributions of organisms on worldwide and local basis with emphasis on factors influencing distribution and growth. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or consent of the instructor.

BIOL 8290 - Molecular Computing (3)
(MMCS 7290-8290). (Same as COMP 7290-8290). Basics of cell biology and genetics (DNA structure and enzymes, replication, and translation); feasible DNA-based solution of hard computational problems; issues in the design of molecular computers; foundations of nanotechnology. PREREQUISITE: COMP 6030 or permission of instructor.

BIOL 8331 - Photosynthesis (2)
(MMCS 7331-8331). Lectures and readings on modern theory of photosynthesis; includes such topics as chloroplast structure and function; chemistry and photo-chemistry of chlorophyll; influence of external factors on rate of photosynthesis, absorption, fluorescence, and luminescence; energy storage; efficiency; carbon fixation; photosynthesis in cell extracts; phosphorylation. Two lecture hours per week.

BIOL 8335 - Hormones And Behavior (3)
Examines the relationship between endocrinology and behavior in animals and humans and how this relationship underlies survival and reproduction. PREREQUISITE: Endocrinology (BIOL 4630-6630) or permission of instructor.

BIOL 8338 - Biological Clocks (3)
A consideration of the biological clocks that generate daily, lunar, seasonal and annual rhythms in various animals including people. Emphasis on neuroendocrine substrates, development and adaptive significance of reproductive cycles, feeding rhythms, sleep-wakefulness cycles, hibernation cycles, body weight and migratory cycles. PREREQUISITE: Graduate standing and Permission of instructor.

BIOL 8340 - Behavioral Ecology (3)
Examines the influence of natural selection on animals' ability to exploit resources, avoid predators, secure mates, rear offspring, and communicate with conspecifics.

BIOL 8345 - Animal Communication (3)
Examination of the relationship between evolutionary ecology and animal communication to investigate how animal interactions with conspecifics affect their behavior. A rudimentary knowledge of animal behavior, animal psychology, or ecology is recommended.

BIOL 8350 - Evolutionary Ecology (3)
Provides the basic foundation for applying genetic and evolutionary theory to the ecology of plants and animals; emphasis on genetic and phenotypic adaptations of plants and animals to their environment.

BIOL 8360 - Plant And Environment (3)
Discusses plant responses to environmental changes and potential effects of global climate changes on plant health and function. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: plant physiology (BIOL 3230 or equivalent), plant ecology (BIOL 4053-6053 or equivalent), or permission of instructor.

BIOL 8370 - Wetland Ecol & Mgmt (3)
A wide range of topics relating to wetland science and issues at national and regional levels, including wetland classification, hydrology, and biochemistry, with special emphasis on regional bottomland forests. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: wetland ecology (BIOL 4054-6054) or equivalent or permission of instructor.

BIOL 8400 - Comparative Immunology (3)
(MMCS 7400-8400). Phylogenesis and development of the defensive immune systems of invertebrates and the vertebrate classes. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6445.

BIOL 8440 - Molecular Biol/Cancer (3)
Introduction to molecular basis of cancer, cancer therapy and prevention; includes disease-, chemical carcinogen-, and viral-based views of cancer process; surveys modern tools for identifying cancer susceptibiligy genes and classifying tumors. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 4503-6503 or BIOL 4470-6470, or permission of instructor.

BIOL 8464 - Advanced Immunology (4)
(MMCS 7464-8464). Selected topics and laboratories in molecular and cellular immunology, immunobiology, tumor immunology, and medical aspects of immunology. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 6445 and 6511 or their equivalent.

BIOL 8470 - Adv Bacterial Genetics (3)
(MMCS 7470-8470). Advanced studies in the molecular basis of bacterial genetics; including mutation and bacterial repair systems, complementation analysis, recombination, gene transfer mechanisms, gene conversion and marker effects, insertional elements, phase variation, and bacteriophage genetics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6470 or equivalent.

BIOL 8530 - Bacterial Physiology (4)
(MMCS 7530-8530). Bacterial physiology including growth, nutrition, biosynthesis, biodegradation, and adaptation.

BIOL 8550 - Food & Indust Toxicol (3)
(MMCS 7550-8550). Principles and methodology of genotoxicity; assessment of toxic substances in animal and plant foodstuffs, and in industrial wastes; fungal and bacterial contaminants, food additives, and food processing; biotransformation and health impacts are emphasized.

BIOL 8600 - Seminar In Biology (1)
Selected topics in the biological sciences. Credit is earned when the results of the student's thesis work is presented. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.

BIOL 8610 - Envirn Effects On Devel (2)
Environment-gene interactions and developmental plasticity; evolutionary, physiological, morphological, and ecological consequences of these interactions. Two lecture hours per week.

BIOL 8702 - Evolutionary/Ecologicl Genetic (2)
Current topics of special interest in biology. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 8738 - Biological Clocks (3)
Current topics of special interest in biology. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 8750 - Population Ecology (3)
Examination and quantification of the processes that influence population dynamics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or equivalent.

BIOL 8751 - Conservation Biology (4)
Application of biological principles towards the conservation of natural systems and the organisms they contain. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: Permission of the instructor.

BIOL 9000 - Doc Res & Dissert (1-10)
The dissertation must be an independent research project applying a mastery of the techniques of scientific research. It must be a distinct and new contribution to the body of scientific knowledge. A maximum total of 18 hours may be counted toward degree requirements. Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.