Epigraphy Methods

Recording Methods

"Why don't you just take a photograph?"

--Hundreds of Tourists

Many a tourist asked this question while watching an epigraphist engaged in the exacting process of making a perfectly faithful drawing of the inscription on the wall in front of them.

Photography is the simplest and most direct means of recording well preserved inscriptions and it revolutionized the recording of Egypt's monumental legacy when it first appeared in the early Nineteenth Century. Unfortunately, its not the most scientifically reliable method of recording.

The Limitations of Photography for Recording Inscriptions

Photography has severe limitations as an accurate method of recording Egyptian monuments. The strong light and dark shadows created by the intense sunlight of Egypt conspire to hide much information the photographer seeks to record.

In the bright afternoon sunshine, even the most pronounced sunk relief carvings are "washed out" by the strong light. Deep shadow does much the same thing. Only when the sun shines perpendicular to the wall, creating a raking light which brings out the details of the carvings, is photography most effective as a recording medium. Even then, there are limits.

Shadows and visual distractions like damage to the wall surface obscure details in the photo of a palimpsest relief on the left. It is much easier to see the two different versions of the relief in the drawing on the right.

If the reliefs are severely damaged, altered or eroded, light and shadow conspire to hide many details of the carved relief. The solution is to produce precise archival drawings which can reveal every detail including those that the best photograph cannot.

By closely scrutinizing the reliefs, often "nose to wall," the epigraphist can find the subtlest traces of faded or erased inscriptions, traces of carving in a badly damaged or eroded patch of stone, or even remnants of paint. Sometimes, one can quite literally feel very faint traces of carved lines that can no longer be seen with the naked eye!

Project director Peter Brand examining a relief of Ramesses II

As a long-time Chicago House alumnus, the Hypostyle Hall Project's founding director Dr. William Murnane endeavored to produce a record of the Hypostyle Hall reliefs approaching the highest standards of the Epigraphic Survey. With resources much smaller than Chicago House it was obvious that a somewhat scaled down process would be necessary.

Initially, the Project used a slightly modified version of the Chicago House method. The scenes were traced in pencil on 16 x 20" photographic enlargements by epigraphists. Next, the photographic emulsion was chemically bleached out leaving only the pencil drawing on the whitened emulsion on the surface of the photographic paper. Copies of each drawing are next checked at the wall-- a process called collation.

A blank collation Sheet ready to use.

First, blue prints of the drawings are made. These, in turn, are used to make "collation sheets" by cutting them up into smaller sections and mounting each one on 8.5 x 11"sheets of paper leaving most of the page free to make comments and sketches. From these collation sheets teams of epigraphists carefully check the drawings against the wall, making adjustments to the drawings, detailed notations of the necessary changes and often sketches of individual hieroglyphs and other detailed elements of the reliefs.

This process usually involves independent collations by at least two Egyptologists, who correct and add details that were improperly drawn or missed in the initial drawing. Disagreements are resolved in conference "at the wall," sometimes in consultation with another Egyptologist on the team.

A finished collation sheet.

When all corrections are agreed upon, the artist transfers them from the collation sheets to the original drawings. After the drawing has been checked yet again (and any lingering questions resolved at the wall, if necessary) it is traced in ink on sheets of mylar. This medium enhances the drawing's clarity and permits the use of different weighted lines— thicker and thinner ones— to show readers the type of relief used in the original, traces of erased figures and painted lines.

After a final check for accuracy and neatness, the drawing is ready for publication. Obviously, this is a laborious and elaborate process, but the objective was not merely to record the basic information of the scenes and inscriptions, but to capture even the most subtle epigraphic details of the carvings and to reproduce faithfully the paleography and artistic style of the reliefs.

A final inked drawing of a relief from the Second Pylon.

After the 1997 season, we decided on a further modification of our working method. The size of the photographic enlargements on which the drawings were based was increased to 20 x 24". Henceforth, instead of tracing directly on the enlargements, the initial drawings by tracing them in pencil on mylar laid over the photo.

This was advantageous for a number of reasons: (1) it eliminated the need for the costly bleaching out of the enlargements and for an extra set of these to be made. (2) All of the original drawings could be made by an artist. (3)

By working at home, the expense of supporting a staff in the field to complete the initial drawings was eliminated allowing more field time for the crucial process of collation.

Ramesses II offering a tray of food. The names in the cartouches were originally Seti I. Preliminary drawing made in 2001 as part of the salvage epigraphy program.

Following a successful trial of this process in 1999, the newly modified process was used to great advantage in collating drawings of reliefs on the south-east corner of the Hypostyle Hall. The result was to save months of field time and to produce more accurate drawings. A further advantage of this process arose from the fact that the original photos were never bleached away. It was possible to check the preliminary drawing on the mylar by removing it from the photo or by inserting a sheet of paper between the mylar and the photo.

Ramesses II leading Syrian prisoners. Scene from the south-east gate collated in 2000.

This allowed the artist to more easily refine his work and to inspect the drawing for any stray elements which had accidentally been omitted. Such details are easy to miss when drawings in pencil are made on a black and white photograph. After the first collation, the proportional accuracy of the artist's corrections to the drawings could be checked by overlaying the drawings on the photograph. This prevented many subtle inaccuracies from creeping in during the correction process. Finally, during the inking process, overlaying the drawing on the enlargement makes it easier for the artist to render various types of damage— hacking, erosion and incidental damage—more accurately and distinctly.

Lyla Brock drawing a relief on mylar.

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Salvage Epigraphy

The aim of salvage epigraphy is to record the most seriously endangered reliefs first. This has already proved to be a timely intervention as some inscriptions recorded in 2000 are now severely damaged or destroyed.

In 1999 and 2000, we focused on the battle scenes along the bottom of the south exterior wall which showed rapid deterioration from salt damage despite conservation treatments by the Centre Franco-Égyptien in 1998 and 1999.

The problem. White patches are salts that have appeared on the surface of the stone, causing it to decay. The salts are carried to the surface by water and crystallize after the moisture evaporates

Provisional drawings of the wall reliefs inside the Hall were made in the 1940s by Harold Nelson, then director of the Epigraphic Survey. Published in 1981 by William J. Murnane, Nelson's drawings were never meant to stand as a permanent record of these important reliefs and inscriptions

Until recently, no further work has been done on the wall reliefs. Since Nelson's day, damage to the wall reliefs has accelerated rapidly. The Hypostyle Hall Project recognized the urgent need for "salvage epigraphy" to record reliefs and inscriptions that are most in danger from groundwater and salt damage. A new program of salvage epigraphy was begun by the project in 2000 and continued in 2001-2002.

Rows of deities on the west wall from a scene of Ramesses II. The feet of the gods above are in good condition. The lower row of deities at the base of the wall display advanced decay from salts.

In 2001, our salvage epigraphy team began to record damaged reliefs along the bottom of the west interior wall in the southern part of the Hypostyle Hall, which is the same as the east wall of the south tower of the Second Pylon. These reliefs had begun to decay rapidly in the late 1990s and most of them were recorded in 2001.

During the 2002 season, our artist Lyla Pinch Brock continued the process of recording these endangered scenes on the west wall and also others that are beginning to decay on the south wall and another scene near the north-east gateway of the Hypostyle Hall.